Appendix 7 - MLA Documentation

Using and Citing Research

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Four rules for using direct quotations in your proposal:

• Quotations should never stand alone; they need to be introduced or followed by your own words WITHIN the same sentence containing the quotation.

Wrong:

An editorial in the New York Times comments on the situation.  “The war in Iraq has been the most divisive issue in US foreign policy in the last ten years” (Smith 99).

Correct:

An editorial in the New York Times comments on the situation by saying, “The war in Iraq has been the most divisive issue in US foreign policy in the last ten years” (Smith 99).

Correct:

“The war in Iraq has been the most divisive issue in US foreign policy in the last ten years” (Smith 99), comments an editorial in the New York Times.

• When you integrate a direct quotation into your own sentence, the final sentence must be a grammatically correct, COMPLETE sentence.

Wrong:

An editorial in the New York Times comments on the situation, “The war in Iraq has been the most divisive issue in US foreign policy in the last ten years” (Smith 99).

Correct:

An editorial in the New York Times comments on the situation; the author states, “The war in Iraq has been the most divisive issue in US foreign policy in the last ten years” (Smith 99).

• You can use a colon to introduce the quotation, but do not overuse this technique.

An editorial in the New York Times comments on the situation: “The war

in Iraq has been the most divisive issue in US foreign policy in the last ten years” (Smith 99).

• If your quotation will run more than four lines of typed text in YOUR written document, you must make it a block quotation:
• no quotation marks
• single-spaced
• ten spaces indented for just the quotation
• parenthetical citations go after the period

Differences between Paraphrasing and Direct Quotation

Method:	Plagiarism occurs with:
Paraphrase – using your own words to summarize the words of another author.	Unclear attribution of ideas paraphrased Unclear or missing citation without attribution in sentence. Unclear distinction between your ideas and words and the ideas covered by the paraphrase
Direct Quotation – taking the exact words from another author’s work and transferring them word-for-word into your own work.	Inaccurate or missing quotation marks Inaccurate or missing citation, either in the sentence or in the end parenthetical

Citation Basics

Name in main sentence, page citation in parenthetical at end of sentence:

Smith states in his editorial, “The war in Iraq has been the most divisive issue in US foreign policy in the last ten years” (99).

Name and page citation in parenthetical at end of sentence:

An author of an editorial in the New York Times states, “The war in Iraq has been the most divisive issue in US foreign policy in the last ten years” (Smith 99).

Name, page citation, and title of work in parenthetical at end of sentence when author has more than one work cited:

An author of an editorial in the New York Times states, “The war in Iraq has been the most divisive issue in US foreign policy in the last ten years” (Smith “Iraq is the Real Problem” 99).

When to do what method is dictated by the relevance of the quotation, author, and context within your proposal or paper.  This knowledge will come with more writing, revision, and practice.

http://library.hunter.cuny.edu/tutorials/mla/mla_tutorial.html

QUOTATION EXERCISE:

Read the following article and answer one of the questions below.

President Lincoln delivered the 272 word Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863 on the battlefield near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Taken from: Abraham Lincoln Online.org http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm 

on May 7, 2012.

Answer one of the following questions using a quote from the Gettysburg Addess to support your answer.  Write your answer in 3 ways:  indirect quotation (paraphrase), direct quotation within a sentence, and direct quotation as it’s own sentence which supports your thoughts.

1.  Why was the civil war fought?

2.  Why can the field not truly be dedicated as a final resting place?

During his delivery of the Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln stated, “The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.”(Lincoln)

1. What is the job of the living?

The job of the living is to finish the work of which those who died had started, to continue what they weren’t able to finish so t

Formatting your paper:

Please follow MLA guidelines.  A good website, used my many educators around the world, to go to for instructions on the MLA format is:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/

Some general formatting rules for your papers are as follows:

1. Set your margins to 1” (top, bottom, left and right).
2. Headers/Footers should be at ½”.
3. Set your paragraph spacing to Double Space (2.0) and ensure that there is NO spacing either before or after a paragraph.
4. Use an easily read font.  It is often recommended that you use Times New Roman, size 12.
5. If you are using Headings within your paper, they should be in all capital letters and change the font to BOLD.  Subheadings are in BOLD as well, but not capitalized.
6. Hit <CTRL><ENTER> to start a new page.
7. Because you are going to use a Title Page, you do not need a heading with your name, class, etc. on the first page of your report.
8. Page numbers begin on the first page of your report (not the Table of Contents) and go through the last page of the report (including the Works Cited page and Appendices).  The format for a page number is as follows:

• It should be on the top of the page at the right hand margin.
• Should include your name and page number

ex.  If your name is John Smith, it would be Smith 1

For formatting of Table of Contents, Works Cited, and Appendices pages, please see the website given above.

HOW TO SET PAGE NUMBERS:

1.  Make sure you are at the very beginning of the body of your report.  Go to the INSERT tab.

2.  Choose PAGE NUMBER.  Choose TOP OF PAGE and PLAIN NUMBER 3.

3.  Then go to HEADER and choose EDIT HEADER.

4.  Check the box which says DIFFERENT FIRST PAGE.  Then delete the page number from page 1.

5.  Go to the top of page 2 and type your last name before the page number.  Then hit CLOSE HEADER/FOOTER  

     This should fix your page numbering until the end of the paper.

Making a Works Cited Page:  from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/05/

According to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. All entries in the Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text.

Basic Rules

• Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper.
• Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.
• Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.
• Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations five spaces so that you create a hanging indent.
• List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50.

Additional Basic Rules New to MLA 2009

• For every entry, you must determine the Medium of Publication. Most entries will likely be listed as Print or Web sources, but other possibilities may include Film, CD-ROM, or DVD.
• Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries. However, if your instructor or publisher insists on them, include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period. For long URLs, break lines only at slashes.
• If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database, you should type the online database name in italics. You do not need to provide subscription information in addition to the database name.

Capitalization and Punctuation

• Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles (the, an), prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
• New to MLA 2009: Use italics (instead of underlining) for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)

Listing Author Names

Entries are listed alphabetically by the author's last name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first name:

Burke, Kenneth

Levy, David M.

Wallace, David Foster

Do not list titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA, DDS, etc.) with names. A book listing an author named "John Bigbrain, PhD" appears simply as "Bigbrain, John"; do, however, include suffixes like "Jr." or "II." Putting it all together, a work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would be cited as "King, Martin Luther, Jr.," with the suffix following the first or middle name and a comma.

More than One Work by an Author

If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first:

Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives. [...]

---. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...]

When an author or collection editor appears both as the sole author of a text and as the first author of a group, list solo-author entries first:

Heller, Steven, ed. The Education of an E-Designer.
Heller, Steven and Karen Pomeroy. Design Literacy: Understanding Graphic Design.

Work with No Known Author

Alphabetize works with no known author by their title; use a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical citations in your paper. In this case, Boring Postcards USA has no known author:

Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations. [...]

Boring Postcards USA. [...]

Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...]

MLA Documentation (taken from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html)

Book with one author

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999.

Book with more than one author
Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000.

Essay in a collection
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One.
Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000. 24-34.

Magazine or newspaper article
Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71.

Essay in a journal with continuous pagination
Allen, Emily. "Staging Identity: Frances Burney's Allegory of Genre." Eighteenth-Century Studies 31 (1998): 433-51.

Essay in a journal that pages each issue separately
Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994): 127-53.

Web site examples
Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue University. 15 Nov. 2000 <http://omni.cc.purdue.edu%7Efelluga/theory2.html>. Purdue Online Writing Lab. 2003. Purdue University. 10 Feb. 2003 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu>.

Article on a web site
Poland, Dave. "The Hot Button." Roughcut. 26 Oct. 1998. Turner Network Television. 28 Oct. 1998 <http://www.roughcut.com>.

Online journal article
Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases 6.6 (2000): 33 pars. 5 Dec. 2000 <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no6/wheelis.htm>.

Another very easy way to create an MLA formatted Works Cited page is to use the References tab in Microsoft Word.

1. Click on the REFERENCES tab.
2. Change the Style to MLA.
3. Click on MANAGE SOURCES
4. Click NEW to add a new source.
5. Once you have added all your sources, change Bibliography to Works Cited and it will insert a page for you.  You may have to fix formatting.

Works Cited

Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Orlando: Signet Classics Printing, 1996.

Purdue Univeristy. Purdue Online Writing Lab. 3 May 2012. 8 May 2012 

<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/05/>.

What is an Appendix?

According to eHow.com, “An appendix is a collection of different types of materials that complement the main subject of a book, essay or report. This material is referenced in the main text and can be found at the end of the work. For a report, an appendix might include specific references, statistics, where to find further information, graphs and charts.” (May 2012)

For your Personal Project report, the appendix is where you would include such things as:  conducted surveys, transcripts of interviews, photos which were relevant to research but not specifically mentioned in your report, and any other material which you want your reader to be able to find but is not required in the body of your report.

Appendices can be either numbered or lettered, but stick to one style.  You should not mix information from different sources in one appendix. For example, if you did a survey of 20 students, the results of the survey would be one appendix.  If you do two different surveys, each survey must be in its own appendix.

One way appendices are valuable is that you can put raw data from a survey in an appendix and then simply insert a table or graph which shows the overall results of the survey.

Inserting a Table or Graph into Your Paper

This can be done entirely in Microsoft Word, just make sure you make all of the changes necessary.

1.  Go to the INSERT tab and choose the desired CHART type.

2.  It will open an Excel document for you to input your data.  The Categories are the vertical

     axis of the chart, and the Series are the horizontal axis.  Be sure you change the names to

     fit your results.

3.  You will need to type in titles and labels for your chart.  These can be done by inserting

      text boxes.

You might also choose to create a complete graph in another program and take a screen shot of the graph. Then you can simply insert a picture into your paper.  Please ensure that photos are not too large.  A good rule of thumb is that they should be resized show that they clearly show relevant information but do not take up more than 1/3 of the page.